• DID considered to be a strategy used by children to distance themselves from abuse
• 89% report onset before age 12

• Retrospective surveys of patients or their therapists
• No prospective studies of abused children
• Many children are abused, but only some develop multiple identities...

• More cases of MPD reported from 1981-1986 than in the preceding 2 centuries
• Highest in U.S.  It’s a popular diagnosis.

• Easier to hypnotize
• More suggestible
• Power of suggestion

• Sirhan Sirhan under hypnosis
• “RFK must die”
• Amnesia for event

• Psychomotor seizures and amnesia for event

• Corpus callosotomy patient and “Lefty”

• These have been offered by proponents (Franklin 1990; Loewenstein 1991; Putnam 1989, 118-123; Ross 1989, 232) as important diagnostic indicators:

o    Glancing around the therapist's office
o    Frequently blinking one's eyes
o    Changing posture or voice's pitch or volume
o    Rolling the eyes upward
o    Laughing or showing anger
o    Suddenly covering the mouth
o    Allowing the hair to fall over one's face
o    Developing a headache
o    Scratching an itch
o    Touching the face or the chair in which one sits
o    Changing hairstyles between sessions
o    Wearing a particular color of clothing or item of jewelry

• “Working through”
• Expose trauma

• Reinforcement – positive and negative
• “Expert diagnosis”
• “Strategic enactments”

• Family ignores other personalities
• Force person to take responsibility for actions of other personalities
• Case report resulted in less frequent behaviors of other personalities

• Other personality was assertive
• Dominant personality given assertiveness training
• Other personality disappeared