• Symptoms indicate the presence of an underlying disease
• Every disease is thought to have a cure
• Medications are administered to initiate the cure

• Benjamin Rush advocated terrorizing patients as part of their treatment
• Bloodletting was popular; patients were placed in revolving chairs; sneezing powder was a legitimate treatment
• A French physician gave his psychotic patients cannabis
• He observed success with various types of patients, but only while they were under the influence

• Narcosis Therapy
• Insulin Shock Therapy
• Electro Convulsive Therapy
• Paraldehyde
• LSD
• Thorazine

• Phenothiazines &endash; e.g., Thorazine, Prolixin, Mellaril
• Nonphenothiazines &endash; e.g., Haldol, Clozaril, Resperdol

• Block ACH, norephinephrine and dopamine receptors
• 90% of the drug is absorbed
• Metabolized by the liver
• Active metabolites may lower BP

• Sedation
• Photosensitivity
• Akathesia
• Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)
• Dry mouth
• Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)

• These drugs bind to MAO, which in turn cannot breakdown NE or 5-HT
• MAO-I's have serious side-effects
• The subject must avoid food with tyramine, an amino-acid

Antidepressants - Tricyclics

• Tricyclics block NE re-uptake, may increase release of NE as well as alter receptor sensitivity to this chemical
• They also block the re-uptake of serotonin

• SRIs and SSRIs
• They block the reuptake of 5-HT into the presynaptic neuron
• Possible increase in the release and production of 5-HT
• Impact of concentration, attention, and cognition
• Also help decrease compulsions and/or ruminations

• Lithium
• Buspar
• Desyrel
• Wellbutrin